Creation of synthetic cells to explore basic biological processes and new applications in biotechnology

Creating synthetic cells that could replicate the fundamental functions of life is one of the most ambitious scientific endeavors of modern times. A team of researchers from the University of Groningen, led by Professor Bert Poolman, is at the forefront of this research area. Their work focuses on creating essential cellular modules that include simpler versions of systems for energy production and nutrient transport, which are the basic elements of life. The latest advances in this field represent a foundation for constructing a synthetic cell that could perform complex functions similar to those found in living organisms.

One of the main goals of the researchers is to simplify the complex processes that occur within living cells. In actual cells, mitochondria, known as the 'powerhouses' of the cell, utilize hundreds of components to convert ADP to ATP, the primary molecule that stores the energy needed for life. Poolman’s team has managed to significantly simplify this process by using just five components to produce ATP. Their system employs the amino acid arginine as an energy source, representing a key step towards building a functional energy production system within synthetic cells.

Although this system comes with certain limitations—such as using only arginine as an energy source, while real cells utilize various molecules like sugars, fats, and amino acids—it is still a significant step forward in understanding cellular energy. In this way, researchers can better control and analyze the energy production process, which is a crucial component of life. Energy production is fundamental for maintaining basic biological functions, such as growth, cell division, and protein synthesis, and understanding this process could open doors to new applications in biotechnology.

Simplified transport of nutrients

Another key aspect of the research team from Groningen relates to the transport of nutrients. In real cells, nutrient transport is an extremely complex process that requires a range of transport proteins and enzymes. Poolman’s team has succeeded in simplifying this process by using small bubbles called vesicles that can absorb nutrients from the environment and utilize them for energy production. This system employs an electrical potential that allows for the uptake of nutrients like lactose, which is then converted inside the vesicle into useful molecules such as glucose and galactose. Later, enzymes are added to facilitate the further oxidation of sugars, resulting in the creation of NADPH, a molecule that plays a crucial role in biosynthesis and energy production within cells.

This advancement enables the further construction of more complex systems within synthetic cells. By using only a few components, the team has managed to mimic the complex processes that occur in living cells, thereby allowing for a better understanding of how cells function at a fundamental level. The transport of nutrients and their conversion into energy are fundamental processes in life, and by simplifying these systems, researchers can better analyze how these processes work and how they can be controlled.

Further steps towards synthetic life

These modules, although essential, represent just a part of the process needed to create a fully functional synthetic cell. For the cell to grow, divide, and perform complex functions independently, it is necessary to integrate many different systems. Poolman’s team is currently working on linking the energy production system with other systems, such as cell division, to create a cell that can function autonomously. The BaSyc project, involving six research institutes, leads this research with the aim of creating a cell from non-living components.

Synthetic cells, once fully developed, will have wide applications in biotechnology, medicine, and the development of new biomaterials. Understanding how these systems work at a fundamental level will enable the creation of customized cellular systems that can perform specific tasks, such as drug delivery or the production of specific molecules. This research also provides key insights into the fundamental principles of biology, helping scientists better understand what makes life alive.

The future of synthetic life

Funding for new research through the EVOLF project, which secured funding of 40 million euros, will allow scientists to continue their research for the next decade. The goal of this project is to discover how many different modules can be connected to create a synthetic cell that can function autonomously. This project will not only enable the creation of a 'blueprint for life' but will also provide key insights into the fundamental biological processes that are still not well understood.

One of the main challenges in creating synthetic life is the integration of different systems into one cohesive system. While Poolman’s team and their collaborators have already made significant progress in creating simplified modules for energy production and nutrient transport, much research is still needed to connect these systems into a functional whole. Despite the challenges, each new advance in this field brings new insights and brings us closer to the creation of synthetic life.

The significance of synthetic life

Creating synthetic life is not just a scientific challenge; it is a research endeavor that could have profound implications for the future of humanity. Synthetic cells could be used to study fundamental biological processes, develop new therapies, and produce biomaterials. For example, cells capable of synthesizing specific molecules could be used to produce drugs or deliver therapeutic molecules to targeted locations within the body. Additionally, synthetic cellular systems could be employed to create new materials with customized properties, such as biocompatible materials for medical implants.

Besides practical applications, creating synthetic life also raises important philosophical questions about the nature of life. If it is possible to create life from non-living components, what does that say about the definition of life? These questions open new discussions about the boundaries of biology and technology, and the role of scientists in creating new forms of life. Synthetic life also brings ethical challenges, as it opens the possibility of creating organisms with entirely new properties and functions.

Source: University of Groningen